Coco Chanel a Fashion Icon Legacy Essay example - 2194 Words

Coco Chanel: A Fashion Icon Legacy Thinking of fashion, many names come into mind: Gucci, Louis Vuitton, Dior, Burberry, Marc Jacobs, and Yves Saint Laurent, but the one that sticks out over all of these seems to constantly be Chanel. Chanel’s story is most inspiring due to her journey; she was not born into the glamour life. Chanel had to work for success, coming up from impoverishment, not even bringing a family with her out of it. She was to be the name on the company, the one that will be admired and noted for the work she did and the obstacles she overcame. Coco Chanel’s hardships not only shaped her future and designs, but they revolutionized fashion and created an iconic image and company that will not be forgotten. Stricken†¦show more content†¦She found the help â€Å"[in 1992,] . . . from Pierre Wertheimer to market [the] fragrance† (IDCH). She made an agreement with the Wertheimers, selling clothes under the Chanel name, but designing her business as a separate company. Though the Wertheimer family would control the Chanel brand finances, the drive and vision came from Coco (International . . . 2). In 1922, Theophile Bader, French department store chain Galaries Lafayette founder, introduced Coco to Ernst Wertheimer’s son, Pierre (International . . . 2). In 1921, the family and Coco were introduced through desperation of a business partner as she â€Å"sought financial help, [and] . . . Pierre Wertheimer wanted to help her succeed,† so he founded Parfums, retaining 70 percent ownership, giving 20 percent to Bader, and leaving Coco Chanel with a measly 10 percent (International . . . 2). Introducing other fragrances including No. 5 in 1929, she operated a fashion studio near the Louvre in Paris, but â€Å"the personal relationship between Coco Chanel and Pierre Wertheimer deteriorated† (International . . . 2). Coco Chanel felt the exploitation from the family that would eventually lead her to hiring an attorney to renegotiate agreements, as she felt that she had unwittingly signed away the rights to her own name† (International . . . 2). By the time Coco secured another lover, Hans Gunther von Dincklage, a German Military officer, she had fired many of her employees and shut downShow MoreRelatedCoco Chanel and Fashion Essay994 Words   |  4 Pages Coco Chanel, born Gabrielle Bonhuer Chanel, on August 19, 1883 in Saumur, France was an amazing woman who redefined fashion as we know it today. She was a clothing designer who revolutionized the fashion industry with her suits, little black dresses, and avant garde flare. Because of this quickly in her young life she became well know, and rose to be the fashion icon that she is today. From the timeless designs that are still popular to this day, and the sophisticated outfits that can be pairedRead MoreChanel1024 Words   |  5 PagesCoco Chanel Fashion designer. Born on August 19, 1883, in Saumur, France. With her trademark suits and little black dresses, Coco Chanel created timeless designs that are still popular today. She herself became a much revered style icon known for her simple yet sophisticated outfits paired with great accessories, such as several strands of pearls. As Chanel once said,â€Å"luxury must be comfortable, otherwise it is not luxury.† Her early years, however, were anything but glamorous. After her mother’sRead MoreBeyond the No.5: The life of the legend Coco Essay1605 Words   |  7 Pageswish to come true. Coco Chanel didn’t simply make her fantasies come alive. This woman single handedly revolutionized and transmuted the fashion industry. Epitomizing her own words, â€Å"In order to be irreplaceable one must be different†, Chanel eradicated her opponents with her bold and unique ideas. From modest beginnings to affluent ends, it’s undeniable that fashion icon Coco Chanel has fabricated the very principles of our Fashion Industry today and created an everlasting legacy for eras to comeRead MoreCoco Chanel1588 Words   |  7 PagesCoco Chanel: Most influential women’s fashion designer The designs created by Coco Chanel have had the greatest impact on women’s fashion. Her designs are classic, timeless, and still very popular today. All of her accomplishments were because of her hard work, dedication, and being her own person. Gabrielle â€Å"Coco† Chanel was born on August 19, 1883 in Saumur, France. (A+E Television Networks, LLC â€Å"Coco Chanel Biography†) When Chanel was twelve years old, her mother, Jeanne Devolle, past awayRead MoreAnalysis Of Coco Chanel s Influence On The Fashion World2029 Words   |  9 PagesRevolutionary Chanel Coco Chanel is one of the most powerful women and icon in art history because of her ability to design and innovate new fashion, create her own company logo and by building a multibillion dollar company that still thrives today. From the beginning of her career, Coco Chanel has influenced culture and the fashion world, and continues to long after her passing. Chanel wanted to orchestrate fashion and function. â€Å"Luxury must be comfortable otherwise it is not luxury (Chanel).† HerRead MoreCoco Chanels Influence on Womens Rights2572 Words   |  11 PagesInvestigation Coco Chanel was not the typical feminist that campaigned for suffrage or sexual freedom, yet she had a profound impact on the European feminist movement by redefining the woman’s role in society through revolutionizing women’s fashion. Chanel was the first couture fashion designer to cater to the independent European woman, rejecting the corset and, instead, promoting less binding, â€Å"boyish† attire for the modern, working woman. To determine the extent to which Coco Chanel influenced theRead MoreFashion in the 1920s1245 Words   |  5 PagesWomen’s Fashion in the 1920’s Fashion became a large influence on women in the 1920’s. This allowed women to become independent and free from the society. Many designers such as, Coco Chanel, Jeanne Lanvin and Salvatore Ferragamo have made an enormous impact on the evolution of women’s clothing. Styles of clothing have changed overtime, especially during the 1920’s era. During this time, hemlines became shorter, clothing was more revealing, women dressed freely and the sophistication and eleganceRead MoreGabrielle Bonheur Coco Chanel637 Words   |  2 PagesGabrielle Bonheur â€Å"Coco† Chanel is one of the greatest fashion inventors of all time. In her early life as a child, she was put in an orphanage by her father after her mother’s death. Her father worked as a peddler and didn’t make enough money to take care of her. He barely made enough money to keep himself alive. The nuns of her orphanage taught her how to sew which became a vital know-how for her career later o n. To earn money to live on her own, she started a singing career at local clubs in VichyRead MoreChanel Analysis Swot, 6 Ps5076 Words   |  21 PagesTABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 3 From Coco to Karl - A Legend lives on 3 The 6 P’s 8 Product 8 Price 10 Place 11 Promotion 12 People 13 Positioning 13 Benchmarking 16 SWOT-Analysis 19 Micro economical analysis 19 Macro economical analysis 22 Recommendations 24 Conclusion 25 INTRODUCTION Elegance, wealth, high class and originality; these are the first words which come to mind, when thinking of Chanel. We as a group decided to choose Chanel as our subject, because of several reasons and questionsRead MoreThe Leadership Style of Walt Disney3476 Words   |  14 Pagesleadership style of Gabrielle Coco Chanel 1. Introduction The daughter of a French farmer, Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel (1883-1971) worked hard her entire life to overcome her humble origins and advance on the socio-economic ladder. She was a role model for the women of the day and she continues to inspire young women today. Coco Chanel is mostly remembered as the founder of the Chanel brand, which continues to be a leading fashion brand, but also as the reshaper of womens fashion after the World War I

Kurt Vonnegut First Generation German American Parents

Grogan 1 Faith Grogan Mrs. L. V. Mason Advanced Placement English 12 April 1, 2017 Rough Draft Kurt Vonnegut was born in Indianapolis, Indiana on November 11, 1922. His parents, Edith and Kurt Sr. were third-generation German-American parents. Vonnegut was raised without any knowledge of the German Language. Edith the daughter of Albert Lieber, a millionaire and Indianapolis brewer while Kurt Sr. an architect. The only profound name on Kurt Sr, side was his great-grandfather Clemens Vonnegut, founder of Vonnegut s Hardware Store. Kurt Vonnegut graduated from Shortridge High School, after which he then entered Cornell University, in Ithaca, New York to study biochemistry. A year after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, he enlisted in the†¦show more content†¦PTSD Supporting- PTSD is a commonly known anxiety disorder that develops in the brain after exposure to a terrifying event or ordeal in which grave physical harm or threat resulted. Vonnegut used his books as a coping mechanism for himself. In his seventh novel, Slaughterhouse-Five, is the story of about the protagonist Billy Pilgrim, a decidedly non-heroic man who has become unstuck in time. He travels back and forth in time, visiting all the moments in between repeatedly his birth and death, out of order. The book’s success rose from its ability to offer a little something to everyone. The book was hailed to be one of the most accessible counter cultural event in a very confusing year. The novel is framed by Chapters One and Ten, in which Vonnegut himself talks about the difficulties of writing the novel and the effects of Dresden on his own life. In between, Billy Pilgrim s life is given to us out of order and in small fragments. Common signs of PTSD are reliving the event through upsetting thoughts, flashbacks, or having very strong mental and physical reactions if something reminds the person of the event. Feeling that one can never relax and must be on guard all the time to protect oneself, trouble sleeping, feeling irritable, overreacting when startled, angry outbursts or trouble concentrating. Similarities in his books Supporting- In Kurt VonnegutShow MoreRelated Biography of Kurt Vonnegut2381 Words   |  10 PagesKurt Vonnegut Jr. was born to third-generation German American parents in the city of Indianapolis, year 1922, November 11th. While at Shortridge High School in Indianapolis, Vonnegut was heavily involved with the school’s daily newspaper, the first and only daily high school newspaper in our nation. During his time at Cornell University, Vonnegut became the school paper’s senior editor. World War II then began, and so Vonnegut joined our nation’s armed forces. Mother’s Day came in 1944, and duringRead More Brief Biography of John Steinbeck Essay3594 Words   |  15 Pageson February 27, 1902, and lived there for the first sixteen years of his life until he graduated from Salinas High School in 1918. He took classes at Stanford, but spent more of his college years working to pay tuition than then he spent in the classroom. 1924 brou ght his first publication, two short stories in the Standford Spectator, but in 1925 he left his schooling and went to New York for a time. By 1926, he was back in California and his first book, Cup of Gold, was published the year the ofRead MorePostmodernism in Literature5514 Words   |  23 Pageselements including subjects and genres not previously deemed fit for literature. A list of postmodern authors often varies; the following are some names of authors often so classified, most of them belonging to the generation born in the interwar period: William Burroughs (1914-1997) Kurt Vonnegut (1922-2007), John Barth (b. 1930), Donald Barthelme (1931-1989), E. L. Doctorow (b. 1931), Robert Coover (1932), Jerzy Kosinski (1933-1991) Don DeLillo (b. 1936), Thomas Pynchon (b. 1937), Ishmael Reed (1938)

Conference on Educational Media and Technology †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Conference on Educational Media and Technology. Answer: Introduction: I am an all rounded and flexible individual who is self-managed. I have the driving force to deliver the utmost production from my effort. I have ultimately gained all the experience needed for sales and marketing. I believe in team success. In a situation where shots are brought together then great success is in waiting. Working smart is my number one policy as I apply work ethics and codes in whatever case I face in the field. The gearing force towards my rapid success in my day to day activities is attributed to the positive attitude that I have towards any task assigned regardless of the intensity. Thus evident in my success both in the work environment and outside the work environment. I went to Shiners College and studied business management specializing in sales and marketing. My hard work and determination bore me brilliance as I passed with flying colors attaining 3.7/4.0 in my final G.P.A. This is where my communications skills were nurtured. Here I equipped myself with computer skills mainly word and excel. This was one of the essential influences of my urge for customer satisfaction as I persuade clients with my abilities to be satisfied with my services. I actively engaged in debates. My outstanding communication skills made me reach the nationals during the debate student of the year competitions. The precedent in college has made me succeed in my endeavors. Self-evaluation and determination have been my surviving tool in success. Thus the level of my communication skills had no one to compete me, thanks to frequent practices and researching widely on the use of grammar in an organized manner. This was attributed to my proficiency and the steady flow of li nguistics quo. The passion for linguistics attracted my attention into pursuing part-time lectures in journalism. Dynamic changes occur rapidly in sales and marketing. I have explicit knowledge of the changes that occur and how into developing stronger interpersonal relationships to foster a stronger environment for working. My pride will be to enhance personalities who are keen in a team playing for maximum production so they will impact sales and marketing. My professional goals and achievements are to empower the sales community. I am looking forward to creating an all-inclusive environment that will be conducive to all team players Salespeople find it very difficult to cope up with the prevailing conditions in the job environment. Sales and marketing involve many multitasks which the salesperson has to make a balance for maximum optimization. Ranging from receiving closing calls, business calls and even calls to notify them of their qualifications. There are many prospects in sales which have to address with utmost professionalism and urgency. Responding to the possibilities loses the prospects base. Despite all the many tasks to do, the salespeople have to send all of them simultaneously. This may be disadvantageous because a loss in the customer base may occur due to lack of the required attention. It's a proved uphill task for salespersons to efficiently balance this. Thus resulting in many salespersons to hang boots due to multitasking in the field as is seems tiresome. Salesforce engages a marketing automation tool that efficiently resolves the difficulty. Many tasks can now be managed easily with fewer efforts in prospecting activities. Salesforce employs the variable tags which enable the sending of several emails at a time. This personalizes the data sent thus enhancing the multitasking of operations. Salespersons when using the sales engage can now address more than one opportunity thus clearly giving time and space for effective management of the task force. The automation tools will, therefore, improve the operations in the field. However much difficult it is to address all prospects at a time, sales engage swiftly enables the communication to many opportunities at a time. The sales persons can also introduce the approved market data which is spread quickly. The result will be higher sales as the sales would have been aligned together with the marketing group. This is attributed to the design specification of sales engage the tool. For practical application of salesforce engage automation, the precise plan has to be rolled out. Beta prototypes have to be created to better the automation tool. This is usually done by a developer. However, a few people have to be employed so that the task of growing the app is successful. From the app, personalized content can be sent to reach out several prospects in the market field. Several tests will have to be undertaken by the IT specialists to ensure the app efficiently supports the sales automation tool so that marketing information can be shared easily with the sales team. Bibliography White, S., 2017. Write a LinkedIn profile that draws in recruiters. Journal of Accountancy, 223(2), p.20. Gera, R., Libertini, J.M., Roginski, J.W., and Zupancic, A., 2017. The Network Profile Summary: exploring network science through the lens of student motivation. Journal of Complex Networks. Miall, A.D., 1977. Lithofacies types and vertical profile models in braided river deposits: a summary. Hersey, P., Blanchard, K.H. and Johnson, D.E., 2007. Management of organizational behavior (Vol. 9). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Hafner, A., 1990. A Profile of the American Eighth Grader: NELS: 88 Student Descriptive Summary. National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988. Ibrahim, R.A., Berman, D.M., DePril, V., Humphrey, R.W., Chen, T., Messina, M., Chin, K.M., Liu, H.Y., Bielefield, M. and Hoos, A., 2011. Ipilimumab safety profile: Summary of findings from completed trials in advanced melanoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 29(15_suppl), pp.8583-8583. Fitzpatrick, C., 2017, June. Online Classroom Project: Writing Digital Profile Summaries. In EdMedia: World Conference on Educational Media and Technology (pp. 778-782). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). Spiller, W., Davies, N.M., and Palmer, T.M., 2017. Software Application Profile: robust-a tool for performing two-sample summary Mendelian randomization analyses. bioRxiv, p.142125.

Prostitution Should Be Legal Essays - Sex Industry, Prostitution

Prostitution Should be Legal Referred to as the "oldest profession", prostitution ". . . has long been a problem which has provoked and disturbed Americans" (Kinsie 3). "Prostitution [is] the performance of sexual acts, solely for the purpose of material gain" (James [NA]). Prostitution remains, excepted and considered normal in some cultures. No gender specifics exist for prostitutes , but female prostitutes comprise the majority of prostitutes. A person male and married characterizing the majority of prostitutes clients, commonly referred to as a "John". Surprisingly, but true, US prostitutes work legally in some areas. "Prostitution is currently illegal in all 50 states" (Flowers 8), with the exception of 12 rural counties in Nevada. A variety of different types of prostitutes exist: streetwalkers, call girls, massage parlor/brothel/in house prostitutes, madams, indentured sex slaves, escort service prostitutes, professional dominatrics, homeless, drug addicted and part time prostitutes (Flowers 18, 19). In 1995, approximately 95,000 arrests were made (70% female prostitutes, 20% male prostitutes and 10% customers), mostly streetwalkers; a misdemeanor typically resulting in a fine, occasionally a 30-day jail term. More importantly than numbers, what motivates one to choose a career of prostitution? Perhaps persuasion, coercion, abuse, addiction or poor conditions/lifestyle and the financial lure. Legalizing prostitution ensures regulation and taxation, allowing the police to deal with more violent crimes and reduce the abuse of prostitutes by "Pimps". There remain many reasons why one may favor the illegal status of prostitution. Some see the "profession" as exploitive to women, a ". . . form of sexual slavery" (Abraham 1). Feminists claim that prostitution reinforces the status that women represent objects, undoing the prevails of women in the past. Yet still, many believe in neo-Victorism, a condescending belief that prostitutes are unaware of their action and need someone with more education to protect them (Abraham 1). Much of the public describes the profession of prostitution as dirty, immoral and degrading. For many, prostitution results in a destructive, abusive "career" in which Pimps, those who "own" and distribute prostitutes for the benefit of financial gain, and Johns abuse and violate women. Prostitution also greatly affects the community and the public. Those who use prostitutes for their pleasure risk the contraction of diseases, thus spreading with each new sexual partner, endangering the lives of many. Although valid reasons justify why one would want to keep prostitution with an illegal status, the benefits far out way the negative aspects of prostitution. Legalizing the profession increases the quality of lives for those who partake in prostitution as a career and those who "use" the business they offer. Legalization of prostitution allows regulation, requiring medical examination of prostitutes on a regular basis, helping to reduce the transfer of STDs and communicable diseases. According to the US Department of Health, 3% to 5% of STDs in the United States are linked to prostitutes (Prostitution in the US . . . [NA]). These relatively small numbers results in a "domino effect". If someone contracts a disease during an interlude with a prostitute, each sexual partner thereafter carries the potential risk of "contamination". In addition, the health of prostitutes most likely increases. Early detection and treatment of STDs, diseases or illnesses, and drug addiction constitute likely results of prostitution legalization. These actions increase the likelihood of prostitutes' good health, resulting in a safer environment for their clients as well. Exploitation from pimps eliminates with the legalization of prostitution. Pimps usually take a large portion of the prostitutes profit, up to 50% and sometimes more. This exploitation includes abuse, both physical and mental, often leading to murder. A legal status of prostitution allows prostitutes to work for themselves, or in a safe, controlled environment, such as a licensed brothel. Legalization allows for taxation of prostitution wages, like any other employment. Taxation of prostitution results in increased taxes collected by cities, counties and states. By taxation, prostitutes enjoy the benefits of unemployment insurance, disability insurance and social security, thus ensuring prostitutes the choice of continuing or discontinuing their career in prostitution. Cities, counties and states profit by taxation and legalizing prostitution results in a reduction of criminal prosecution costs. "Average arrest, court [and] incarceration costs amount to nearly $2000 per arrest. Cities spend an average of $7.5 million on prostitution control every year. Ranging from $1 million (Memphis) to $23 million (New York)" (Prostitution in the US. . . [NA]). This extra money and time provides police more time to deal with and prosecute violent crimes. The elimination of the prosecution of prostitutes saves time and money for the justice system

Examine how Valvular heart valve disease has caused a major problem worldwide The WritePass Journal

Examine how Valvular heart valve disease has caused a major problem worldwide Introduction: Examine how Valvular heart valve disease has caused a major problem worldwide Introduction:Definition:Cellular sources:Biomaterials:Sterilization methods:Pre-clinical trials:Biomechanical culture:Commercialized products:Challenges:Conclusion:REFERENCES:Related Introduction: Valvular heart valve disease caused a major problem worldwide, result in increasing rate of morbidity and mortality (Rashid et al., 2004). Each of the four valves of heart can be affected by dysfunction (Mol et al., 2009). The common solution is the replacement of diseased valves either mechanical or bioprostheses. However, they are associated with shortcoming. Patients with mechanical valves are associated with long term of anticoagulation therapy which leads in higher risk of complications (Hjortnaes et al., 2009).   Bioprosthetic valves are less durable, enable to grow and repair and lead to calcification. Moreover, they are associated with reoperation especially with young patients. None of these valves are capable to restore native valves functions.   To overcome replacement shortage of heart valve, in the mid of 1980s in the USA, tissue engineering concept was proposed as alternative solution and has the capability to produce autologous heart valves (Matsumura, 2003). Definition: Tissue engineering of heart valves is manipulation of biological molecules and cells for the purpose of creating new structures capable of metabolic activity. (Vesely, 2005). Approaches: Worldwide, two main approaches have been used to achieve the desirable and clinical needs of heart valves; regeneration and repopulation (Vesely, 2005). In the first approach, decellularized xenograft (ECM proteins; collagen or fibrin) or allograft served as valve biological scaffold, mixed with autologous cells (myofibroblast and endothelial) has been seeded in vitro (Mendelson and Schoen, 2006), (Neuenschwander, 2004). However, limitations of this approach are; the construct lack the ability to grow, long term mechanical properties could alter physical properties of the native valves and a possibility of disease transmission (Neuenschwander, 2004). Moreover, inflammatory reaction due to ECM proteins used may deteriorate the scaffold result in biomechanical damage (Mendelson and Schoen, 2006). A biodegradable synthetic scaffold is the traditional approach in which cells of a specific phenotype are transplanted onto a bioresorbable scaffold in the shape of heart valves (Vesely, 2005).These biocompatible materials offer several advantages; Due to degradation products, they have neither side effects nor immunogenic reactions.   They are harmless and easy to handle. At the site of implantation, the remaining autologous living structures after complete biodegradation of the scaffolds have the ability to remodel, to adapt and to grow (Neuenschwander, 2004). The danger of the transmission of new infections and immunogenic reactions is minor as a result of utilization of autologous cells which lead to identical bioengineered tissues to host cells (Neuenschwander, 2004). Extracellular matrix material is formed by the cells after attachment and the polymer scaffold degrades (Fuchs et al., 2001). As shown in (Shinoka et al., 1995) mixed cell population of endothelial cells and from ovine arteries were isolated and separated from each other by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. An acetylated low-density lipoprotein marker was used to label endothelial cells. Myofibroblasts were seeded onto polyglycolic acid scaffolds which then seeded with endothelial cells. Before new tissues being regenerated, the degrading scaffold cannot tolerate pressures of the left ventricle (Vesely, 2005). Therefore, the constructs were implanted in sheep in place of the native right posterior leaflet of the pulmonary valve.   This approach results in trivial pulmonary regurgitation in autografts but moderate in allografts and doesn’t show stenosis (Shinoka et al., 1995). Repopulation is the less popular approach. Complex structure (collagen) is fabricated by manipulating biological molecules.   Prior to implanting, cleaning off the porcine aortic valve from cells is required, and leaving intact the connective tissue matrix. Then, the acellular matrix of the patients cells is repopulated, stimulated and thus result in creating a living tissue resemble to the native tissue (Vesely, 2005). Cellular sources: In tissue engineered valve applications, mesenchymal stem cells and differentiated tissue-specific cells (including circulating endothelial progenitor cells or smooth muscle cells) are the two main types used. They are harvested from either patients or experimental animals (Vesely, 2005). Stem cells along with the appropriate matrix are expected to provide a broader source of either autologous or allogenic cell lines once differentiated to the proper end point. Thus, they are beneficial for therapeutic use in the cardiovascular field (Vesely, 2005). Animals’ tissues such as canine and pigs are conducting in a research with variability in successful implantation.   Mesenchymal stem cells for TE of ECM scaffolds have been obtained from canine tissues. Also, due to presence of type 1 and IV collagen and fibronectin, ECM from pig’s tissues showed ability to grow to a single layer (Rashid et al., 2004). In most approaches, veins (saphenous vein) or peripheral arteries (radial artery, mammary artery) are efficient sources of cells. Mixed vascular cell populations give rise to myofibroblast and endothelial cells lines. myofibroplasts derived from arteries show decreased proliferation in monolayer culture and ECM formation when cultivated on three dimensional structure compared to cells obtained from veins (Neuenschwander, 2004). Another promising alternative source of heart valves can be derived from progenitor cells derived from peripheral blood and bone marrow cells (mesenchymal stem cells). MSC can be differentiated into different tissues, are easy to obtain, shows high proliferating capacity in vitro and faster growing than vascular derived cells. They produce well developed ECM after cultivation under bio-mimetic conditions (Neuenschwander, 2004). Biomaterials: There are two principal choices of scaffold; naturally or synthetic polymeric scaffolds. Exogenous ECM scaffolds are required to provide mechanical support until the target newly tissue is formed and become stable. Designing is based on the target cells population needed to implant at the injury or diseased sites. In vivo, they are degraded alongside the implanted functionally tissues grow and organize their matrix structure (Kim et al., 2010). Non-toxic, biodegradable and biocompatible scaffolds serve as a temporary matrix for the seeded cells due to their own a highly porous microstructure that supply nutrients required for growth and necessary for waste removal. They possess structural integrity to withstand in vitro and in vivo loading. The most widely used in HVE are polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid (PLA) and their copolymers (PGLA). PGA is highly resorbable, linear, a highly crystalline and have a high melting point. PLA reduce the rate of hydrolysis and have limited water uptake. In all of that, to facilitate tissue growth, growth factors are integrated in the scaffold. However, a number of disadvantages must be overcome; slow or incomplete degradation that cause inflammation, limited nutrients and oxygen delivery to deep cells and fibrosis (scar) occupied the space formed after scaffold degradation (Mendelson and Schoen, 2006). Natural scaffold composed of decellularized xenograft or allograft tissue or ECM components such as collagen or fibrin (Mendelson and Schoen, 2006). Fibrin gel scaffold can be designed into a valve structure to form a biodegradable, autologous scaffold.   Blood is the source of fibrin gel and mould into autologous manner to work against immunogenicity. Seeding cells into fibrin scaffold results in good tissue development with viable fibroblast. However, fibrin scaffold would lack mechanical strength (Knight, 2004). Furthermore, in a process similar to the contraction of a wound healing, cells entrapped in collagen gels compact the gel, improve their property and increase density (Mendelson and Schoen, 2006). But, any scaffold made from collagen alone would like to degenerate very quickly due to in vivo forces affected heart valves (Knight, 2004). Moreover, hyaluronan is a glycosaminoglycan polymer with a repeating disaccharide structure and being used as biocompatible material ECM scaffold. It imparts viscoelastic properties and applies pressure that gives tissues compressive resistance (Vesely, 2005). Sterilization methods: Several methods are used to sterile materials utilized in process of seeding and tissue harvesting. 1) Dry heat sterilization in which items are placed in an oven for one hour at 160T to be sterilized by dry heat. 2) Moist heat sterilization is used to autoclave objects and solutions not suitable for dry heat sterilization for 20 minutes at 121 T, 15 pounds per square inch (psi). 3) 0.2ptm filters are used to sterilize solutions not suitable for autoclaving (Knight, 2004). Pre-clinical trials: Animal model is an essential part of biomedical research to approve tissue engineered devices by FDA in order to carry on clinical trials. Using animal tissues as sources relies on many factors; cost, ethical considerations, availability and the nature of the tested tissue. In Zilla study (Zilla et al., 1994), baboons were used to study the proliferation of seeding (endothelial cells) EC on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts. Compared to the control of unseeded graft, seeded graft showed persistent confluent EC layer through time with the aid of fibrin glue enriched with RGD (Zilla et al., 1994). Due to similar anatomy and physiology to that of humans, pigs have been used widely for experimental study. Also, they are cooperative without general anesthesia. They are capable of rabid growth so limiting the time required for TE construct (Rashid et al., 2004). Biodegradable polyglycolic acid (PGA) scaffold was treated by sodium hydroxide and modified seeded bovine SMC and EC were used by Niklason and co-workers in after 24 days of implantation in swine model. Ovine and caprine are also models to study TE due to large size and easy access to the carotid artery in the long neck. They can be used for long term study because adult animal can’t grow (Rashid et al., 2004). In a number of researches, sheep model was used widely but ordained for failure as a result of exuberant fibrotic response to implants (Vesely, 2005). Compared to humans, implants grow rapidly with fibrotic tissue in sheep (Schoen, 2011). In preclinical testing, the choice of animal model is a challenge owing to immunologic considerations (Mendelson and Schoen, 2006). Biomechanical culture: Various parameters determine the optimal conditioning protocols; the scaffold, the magnitude and types of mechanical cues, the sensitivity of cell to the used scaffolds. Bioreactors in TEHV have been developed to improve tissue formation, organization and functions and to stimulate dynamic mechanical of the TEHV. Moreover, to mimic native excitation-contraction coupling, electrical stimulation has been used. Additionally, to mimic the diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle, a diastolic pulse duplicator bioreactor has been developed which result in dynamic tissue straining (Sacks et al., 2009). Commercialized products: In October 2000, CE Mark approved use of the CryoLife Synergraft. It was similar to decellularization matrix approach by removing cellular antigens using extraction and dissolution. It was expected to sound mechanically as acellular matrix. Unfortunately, complications related to stenosis, inflammation and valve rupture result in death and thus withdrew from the market (Vesely, 2005). Challenges: Till date, no EHV constructs have been commercialized. Before translation of the construct to patients, numerous steps must be considered and assured laboratory.   For example; ethical issues, safety, efficacy and quality of the product should be evaluated. Additionally, medical devices interactions results such as; thrombosis, infection and inflammation will have to be accepted. There is a need to develop tools to monitor the fate of transplanted and endogenous cells, biomarkers to evaluate the patients variability to implantation. in all of that, suitable approach is required that ensure efficiency and safety (Schoen, 2011). Conclusion: Three main issues determine the success of tissue engineered heart valve; 1) sources of cells, 2) the (matrix) scaffold that serves as a guiding structure and determines the three dimensional shapes of tissue development and cell attachment and 3) the optimal culturing condition for cell growth. State of art of TEHV today is still on research, significant challenges must be solved before start in clinical application. REFERENCES: FUCHS, J. R., NASSERI, B. A. VACANTI, J. P. 2001. Tissue engineering: a 21st century solution to surgical reconstruction. The Annals of thoracic surgery, 72, 577-591. HJORTNAES, J., BOUTEN, C. V. C., VAN HERWERDEN, L. A., GRUNDEMAN, P. F. KLUIN, J. 2009. Translating autologous heart valve tissue engineering from bench to bed. Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews, 15, 307-317. KIM, B. S., PARK, I. K., HOSHIBA, T., JIANG, H. L., CHOI, Y. J., AKAIKE, T. CHO, C. S. 2010. Design of artificial extracellular matrices for tissue engineering. Progress in Polymer Science. KNIGHT, R. L. 2004. Development of methods for the tissue engineering of cardiac valves using mesenchymal stem cells. MATSUMURA, G. 2003. Successful application of tissue engineered vascular autografts: clinical experience. Biomaterials, 24, 2303-2308. MENDELSON, K. SCHOEN, F. J. 2006. Heart Valve Tissue Engineering: Concepts, Approaches, Progress, and Challenges. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 34, 1799-1819. MOL, A., SMITS, A. I. P. M., BOUTEN, C. V. C. BAAIJENS, F. 2009. Tissue engineering of heart valves: advances and current challenges. Expert Review of Medical Devices, 6, 259-275. NEUENSCHWANDER, S. 2004. Heart valve tissue engineering. Transplant Immunology, 12, 359-365. RASHID, S. T., SALACINSKI, H. J., HAMILTON, G. SEIFALIAN, A. M. 2004. The use of animal models in developing the discipline of cardiovascular tissue engineering: a review. Biomaterials, 25, 1627-1637. SACKS, M. S., SCHOEN, F. J. MAYER JR, J. E. 2009. Bioengineering challenges for heart valve tissue engineering. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, 11, 289-313. SCHOEN, F. J. 2011. Heart valve tissue engineering: quo vadis? Current Opinion in Biotechnology. SHINOKA, T., BREUER, C. K., TANEL, R. E., ZUND, G., MIURA, T., MA, P. X., LANGER, R., VACANTI, J. P. MAYER, J. E. 1995. Tissue engineering heart valves: valve leaflet replacement study in a lamb model. The Annals of thoracic surgery, 60, S513-S516. VESELY, I. 2005. Heart valve tissue engineering. Circulation research, 97, 743. ZILLA, P., PREISS, P., GROSCURGH, P., Rà ¶SEMEIER, F., DEUTSCH, M., ODELL, J., HEIDINGER, C., FASOL, R. VON OPPELL, U. 1994. In vitro-lined endothelium: initial integrity and ultrastructural events. Surgery, 116, 524-534.

Can terror ever be legitimately employed in conflict Discuss with Essay

Can terror ever be legitimately employed in conflict Discuss with reference to examples - Essay Example During World War II, both the Allies and the Axis used terror as a weapon of winning the war. Different debates have questioned the legitimacy of using terror as a weapon for ending conflicts. Terrorism is viewed to bring negative effects to a nation; this is because in attaining its main objective, the central target is the civilians (Herman 2008, p. 13). Although it brings negative impacts to a nation, sometimes use of terror benefits the nation. For instance, it can assist in the acquisition of freedom. This was the case in South Africa during the time of Apartheid. Apartheid was abolished through the use of terror. Although war is thought to be associated with vast negative effects, sometimes violence can bring positive results to a group or a nation. In this paper, I will discuss whether terror can be legitimately employed in conflicts. According to different researchers, legitimating of terror is justifiable in some cases. In extreme cases, where democratic and peaceful methods have been exhausted, it is justified and legitimate to resort to terror. In situations of suffering and repression, with a ruthless, oppressive state and no possibility of having international relief, it is necessary to resort to violence in order to defend the citizens. A state engaging and using terror in order to fight and rescue its citizens uses terror in a legitimate and justified manner (Coady 2010, p. 21). It is the function of a state to protect its people without fear; hence, if the use of terror remains the only option for the state to use in order to fight for its people, it would be interpreted as necessary and justifiable. Each person or minority group has a right in expressing discontentment in a certain issue of concern. The state has the role of representing its people and should make facilitation of this possibility. In addition, it is

Torturing terrorist by the goverment Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Torturing terrorist by the goverment - Article Example Suspects of terrorism are expected to provide the government with intelligence information on the whereabouts of their gangs, sympathizers and financiers. However, to extract this information from them always become the problem. This is because most of these suspects are under oath to protect the activities of their groups. For example, most of them opt to commit suicide rather than having to be interrogated by the authorities. Concealing this information, therefore, renders a big blow to governments counter-terrorism activities. Proposals have for this reason been forwarded encouraging governments to use more force on the suspects and this involves the application of torture to the suspects. This, however, has human rights implications besides the expected outcomes. This means that in the face of the society, the human rights organizations and the international community, torturing terrorism suspects have pros and cons. Applying torture to terrorism suspects have advantages. First, torture to terrorism suspects has not been covered in the Geneva Convention report on the treatment of prisoners of war. Further, the convention only prohibits torture in the culprits own soil. When happening in another country, torture is thus legally acceptable. Secondly, treating terrorism with diplomacy only makes the situation worse. When the dignity of the suspects is respected as proposed by humanitarian organizations the terrorists are even more encouraged to make attacks. In addition, new members have no reproach joining the terror groups. This is as opposed to a torture situation in which case even those who have the intentions of joining such groups become discouraged. This slowly weakens the group and makes it unable to conduct attacks in future. Thirdly, the fight against terrorism often requires the people to make a choice between two evils. To use torture to compel disclosure of intelligent information,